ODBC 3.0: Improve SqlBatchException processing

After IGNITE-17059, we serialize the full error code for the SqlBatchException (error group + error code).
This may break the code that handles this exception on the odbc side.

throw odbc_error(error_code_to_sql_state(error::code(error_code.value())), error_message);

It is necessary to fix exception handling on the odbc side and add test for exception handling.

Please keep in sync with IGNITE-22569 (Ensure standardized error serialization in ClientSqlExecuteBatchRequest), perhaps the issue will be solved there, but in any case, we need to ensure we have test for handling SqlBatchException on the odbc side.